Key findings

  • The economic stakes are considerable. Conservative estimates suggest that disruption on this scale could shave between 0.3 and 0.7 percentag...
  • Technology is both part of the problem and part of the solution. The same digital tools that enable faster coordination also create new vuln...
  • Not everyone shares this assessment. Some analysts contend that the risks have been overstated and that markets have already priced in most...
  • Local communities, meanwhile, are adapting in ways that rarely make headlines. Municipal authorities, civil-society groups and private firms...

Summary

The legal framework has struggled to keep pace. Existing rules were designed for a different era and leave significant grey areas, particularly where state and non-state actors operate in the same space or where activity crosses multiple jurisdictions.